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This article is about the geral concept of art. For the group of creative disciplines, see The arts. For other uses, see Art (disambiguation).
Clockwise from upper left: an 1887 self-portrait by Vinct van Gogh; a female ancestor figure by a Chokwe artist; detail from The Birth of Vus (c. 1484–1486) by Sandro Botticelli; and an Okinawan Shisa lion
Art is a diverse range of human activity, and resulting product, that involves creative or imaginative talt expressive of technical proficicy, beauty, emotional power, or conceptual ideas.
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And its interpretation has varied greatly throughout history and across cultures. In the Western tradition, the three classical branches of visual art are painting, sculpture, and architecture.
Theatre, dance, and other performing arts, as well as literature, music, film and other media such as interactive media, are included in a broader definition of the arts.
Until the 17th ctury, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differtiated from crafts or scices. In modern usage after the 17th ctury, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, the fine arts are separated and distinguished from acquired skills in geral, such as the decorative or applied arts.
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The nature of art and related concepts, such as creativity and interpretation, are explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics.
Artistic works have existed for almost as long as humankind: from early prehistoric art to contemporary art; however, some theorists think that the typical concept of "artistic works" does not fit well outside modern Western societies.
One early sse of the definition of art is closely related to the older Latin meaning, which roughly translates to "skill" or "craft", as associated with words such as "artisan". glish words derived from this meaning include artifact, artificial, artifice, medical arts, and military arts. However, there are many other colloquial uses of the word, all with some relation to its etymology.
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Several dialogues in Plato tackle questions about art: Socrates says that poetry is inspired by the muses, and is not rational. He speaks approvingly of this, and other forms of divine madness (drunkness, eroticism, and dreaming) in the Phaedrus (265a–c), and yet in the Republic wants to outlaw Homer's great poetic art, and laughter as well. In Ion, Socrates gives no hint of the disapproval of Homer that he expresses in the Republic. The dialogue Ion suggests that Homer's Iliad functioned in the ancit Greek world as the Bible does today in the modern Christian world: as divinely inspired literary art that can provide moral guidance, if only it can be properly interpreted.
With regards to the literary art and the musical arts, Aristotle considered epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, Dithyrambic poetry and music to be mimetic or imitative art, each varying in imitation by medium, object, and manner.
For example, music imitates with the media of rhythm and harmony, whereas dance imitates with rhythm alone, and poetry with language. The forms also differ in their object of imitation. Comedy, for instance, is a dramatic imitation of m worse than average; whereas tragedy imitates m slightly better than average. Lastly, the forms differ in their manner of imitation—through narrative or character, through change or no change, and through drama or no drama.
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The more rect and specific sse of the word art as an abbreviation for creative art or fine art emerged in the early 17th ctury.
Fine art refers to a skill used to express the artist's creativity, or to gage the audice's aesthetic ssibilities, or to draw the audice towards consideration of more refined or finer works of art.
Within this latter sse, the word art may refer to several things: (i) a study of a creative skill, (ii) a process of using the creative skill, (iii) a product of the creative skill, or (iv) the audice's experice with the creative skill. The creative arts (art as discipline) are a collection of disciplines which produce artworks (art as objects) that are compelled by a personal drive (art as activity) and convey a message, mood, or symbolism for the perceiver to interpret (art as experice). Art is something that stimulates an individual's thoughts, emotions, beliefs, or ideas through the sses. Works of art can be explicitly made for this purpose or interpreted on the basis of images or objects. For some scholars, such as Kant, the scices and the arts could be distinguished by taking scice as represting the domain of knowledge and the arts as represting the domain of the freedom of artistic expression.
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Oft, if the skill is being used in a common or practical way, people will consider it a craft instead of art. Likewise, if the skill is being used in a commercial or industrial way, it may be considered commercial art instead of fine art. On the other hand, crafts and design are sometimes considered applied art. Some art followers have argued that the differce betwe fine art and applied art has more to do with value judgmts made about the art than any clear definitional differce.
However, ev fine art oft has goals beyond pure creativity and self-expression. The purpose of works of art may be to communicate ideas, such as in politically, spiritually, or philosophically motivated art; to create a sse of beauty (see aesthetics); to explore the nature of perception; for pleasure; or to gerate strong emotions. The purpose may also be seemingly nonexistt.
The nature of art has be described by philosopher Richard Wollheim as "one of the most elusive of the traditional problems of human culture".
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Art has be defined as a vehicle for the expression or communication of emotions and ideas, a means for exploring and appreciating formal elemts for their own sake, and as mimesis or represtation. Art as mimesis has deep roots in the philosophy of Aristotle.
Bedetto Croce and R. G. Collingwood advanced the idealist view that art expresses emotions, and that the work of art therefore esstially exists in the mind of the creator.
The theory of art as form has its roots in the philosophy of Kant, and was developed in the early 20th ctury by Roger Fry and Clive Bell. More rectly, thinkers influced by Martin Heidegger have interpreted art as the means by which a community develops for itself a medium for self-expression and interpretation.
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George Dickie has offered an institutional theory of art that defines a work of art as any artifact upon which a qualified person or persons acting on behalf of the social institution commonly referred to as "the art world" has conferred "the status of candidate for appreciation".
Larry Shiner has described fine art as "not an essce or a fate but something we have made. Art as we have gerally understood it is a European invtion barely two hundred years old."
Art may be characterized in terms of mimesis (its represtation of reality), narrative (storytelling), expression, communication of emotion, or other qualities. During the Romantic period, art came to be se as "a special faculty of the human mind to be classified with religion and scice".
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Löwmsch figurine, betwe 35, 000 and 41, 000 years old. One of the oldest-known examples of an artistic represtation and the oldest confirmed statue ever discovered.
A set of eight 130, 000 years old white-tailed eagle talons bear cut marks and abrasion that indicate manipulation by neanderthals, possibly for using it as jewelry.
The first undisputed sculptures and similar art pieces, like the Vus of Hohle Fels, are the numerous objects found at the Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura UNESCO World Heritage Site, where the oldest non-stationary works of human art yet discovered were found, in the form of carved animal and humanoid figurines, in addition to the oldest musical instrumts unearthed so far, with the artifacts dating betwe 43.000 and 35.000 BC, so being the first ctre of human art.
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Many great traditions in art have a foundation in the art of one of the great ancit civilizations: Ancit Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, India, China, Ancit Greece, Rome, as well as Inca, Maya, and Olmec. Each of these cters of early civilization developed a unique and characteristic style in its art. Because of the size and duration of these civilizations, more of their art works have survived and more of their influce has be transmitted to other cultures and later times. Some also have provided the first records of how artists worked. For example, this period of Greek art saw a veration of the human physical form and the developmt of equivalt skills to show musculature, poise, beauty, and anatomically correct proportions.
In Byzantine and Medieval art of the Western Middle Ages, much art focused on the expression of subjects about biblical and religious culture, and used styles that showed the higher glory of a heavly world, such as the use of gold in the background of paintings, or glass in mosaics or windows, which also prested figures in idealized, patterned (flat) forms. Nevertheless, a classical realist tradition persisted in small Byzantine works, and realism steadily grew in the art of Catholic Europe.
Raissance art had a greatly increased emphasis on the realistic depiction of the material world, and the place of humans in it, reflected
